The World Bulletin of Management and Law (WBML) is a leading, high quality double-blind peer-reviewed journal whose passion is to address all aspects of regulation and law as they impact on organizational development, operations and leadership. WBEF welcomes unpublished, original and full-length research articles, book reviews, commentaries, correspondence, review articles, technical notes, short communications and case studies on all aspects of Management and Law. ISSN (E): 2749-3601 Journal Impact Factor: 10.225 SJIF 2026: 9.7 WBML considers unpublished, original manuscripts in, but not limited to, the following fields: Business Administration, Corporate Governance, E-Commerce, Consumer Behaviour, Small Business Management, Human Resources Management, Business Economics, Managerial Economics, Business Management, Marketing, Commercial/Business Law, Intellectual Property Rights & Competition Law, Cyber Law and Social Media, Contractual Law, Sale of Goods and Services & Property Law, Constitutional Law and its interaction with Businesses, Corporate Social Responsibility, International Dispute Resolution.
CURRENT ISSUES OF RECOGNIZING THE PRINCIPLE OFFREEDOM FROM COMPELLED SELF-INCRIMINATION ANDTESTIMONY AGAINST CLOSE RELATIVES AS AN INDEPENDENTPRINCIPLE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
This article examines the constitutional and international legal foundations of the principle of freedom from compelled self-incrimination and compelled testimony against close relatives, as well as its place within the system of criminal procedural law. The study analyzes the relationship between this principle and the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair trial, human dignity, and the right to defense. Through a comparative analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, international legal instruments, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the criminal procedure legislation of foreign countries, the article substantiates the necessity of recognizing this guarantee as an independent principle of criminal procedure. Based on the findings, scientifically grounded proposals are developed for introducing a separate provision into the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Copyright (c) 2026 Aziz Bobonarovich Khikmatov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MODERN MECHANISMS FOR PREVENTING CORRUPTION ININVESTMENT PROCESSES
This article examines modern legal mechanisms for preventing corruption in the investment processes of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of the transformation of the national public administration system and the intensification of investment policy. Based on an analysis of legislation governing investment activities and anti-corruption measures, the study reveals the content of the key concepts of investment law, the specific features of corruption risks throughout the investment cycle, and the role of anti-corruption review, digitalization of administrative procedures, and compliance mechanisms in ensuring the transparency of investment decisionmaking. Particular attention is paid to identifying latent corruption-generating factors arising in the course of the application of investment legislation and to the need to shift from fragmented control mechanisms to continuous riskoriented monitoring
Copyright (c) 2026 Kudratov Laziz Shavkatovich, Ibadullayev Bobur Kamiljanovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MODIFICATION, SUPPLEMENTATION AND TERMINATION OFTHE CHARGE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
This article examines the theoretical and practical issues related to the modification, supplementation, and termination of charges in the criminal proceedings of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It explores the legal nature of the charge as one of the fundamental institutions of criminal procedure, analyzing its role in the implementation of the criminal prosecution function and in safeguarding the accused's right to defense. Particular attention is devoted to the procedural grounds for modifying and supplementing charges, as well as to the legal consequences of terminating a charge at various stages of criminal proceedings. The article further examines existing scholarly approaches to the interpretation of these legal institutions, identifies shortcomings in the current criminal procedure legislation and law enforcement practice, and assesses their impact on the effective administration of criminal justice. Based on the findings of the study, the author proposes measures aimed at improving the legal framework governing the modification, supplementation, and termination of charges in accordance with the principles of legality, adversarial proceedings, and the right to a fair trial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uteniyazov Keulimjay Kuanishbayevich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND THE UZBEKISTAN MODEL
Social protection systems are fundamentally evolving from mere mechanisms of financial assistance into complex, structural social institutions capable of regulating societal interactions, developing human capital, and ensuring sustainable development. This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of global welfare regimes to provide theoretically grounded insights for the ongoing institutional reforms in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Methodologically guided by G. Esping-Andersen’s welfare regime typology, D. North’s institutional theory, and A. Sen’s capability approach, the study systematically evaluates four distinct paradigms: Germany’s conservativecorporatist Bismarck model, Sweden’s social-democratic Nordic model, South Korea’s East Asian productivist welfare model, and China’s targeted poverty alleviation strategies. By examining these diverse experiences, the research identifies their structural strengths, adaptability, and functional significance. The ultimate objective is to extrapolate relevant strategic mechanisms to enhance the evolving Uzbek social protection model, particularly within the framework of recent national initiatives such as the establishment of the National Agency for Social Protection, the integration of the "Mahalla of seven" system, and the "Inson" social service centers. The findings suggest that transitioning toward a more integrated, decentralized, and proactive social policy framework will significantly reinforce the institutional capacity of social protection in "New Uzbekistan," fostering both economic resilience and long-term social justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SOME ASPECTS OF PLEA AGREEMENT INSTITUTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article provides a definition of the concept of plea agreement, presents the views of scholars on this institution, its criminal law aspects, as well as some thoughts on the application of criminal penalties within the framework of this institution
SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF PUBLIC SERVICE USERS
This article analyzes the legal mechanisms for the protection of the rights of public service users. The aim of the study is to analyze the specifics of protecting the rights of public service users and the existing barriers. The article provides conclusions regarding the necessity of strengthening procedural guarantees and digital mechanisms for protecting the rights of public service users
VIRTUAL CRIMES AND ISSUES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical problems of establishing criminal liability for crimes committed in virtual space. The subject of the research is criminal-law relations related to cyberbullying, online grooming, deepfake, avatar identification, virtual property and digital evidence. On the basis of comparative-legal, systemic, logical-legal and empirical methods, gaps in national legislation are identified and the need to introduce special elements of crimes, aggravating circumstances and procedural rules concerning digital evidence into the Criminal Code is substantiated. The results may be applied in adapting criminal legislation to the conditions of digital transformation, improving judicial and investigative practice, effectively protecting victims and developing prevention policy
THE ROLE OF THE MUHTASIB IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and development of the muhtasib institute, which played an important role in ensuring human rights in the Middle Ages. The formation of this institution, its historical development, and the expansion of its powers in different dynasties are illustrated by various examples based on the appeals of citizens. In the Middle Ages, it was mentioned that the muhtasib institute was one of the important positions in ensuring human rights.
NATIONAL AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE: IMPROVING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENSURING PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS ON THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF MILITARY SERVICEMEN OF THE ARMED FORCES (ON THE BASIS OF THE EXPERIENCE OF LITHUANIA, LATVIA A
The article analyzes the role and significance of prosecutorial supervision in ensuring the legal protection of military servicemen of the Armed Forces, examining the functions of prosecutorial bodies in upholding the rule of law. It also provides a comparative study of the specific reforms in the military justice systems of the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia). In addition, the study presents scientifically grounded proposals aimed at strengthening the socio-legal status of military servicemen, improving mechanisms for preventing violations of their rights, and implementing positive aspects of foreign experience into national legislation in this field.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE TOURISM SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: GLOBAL TRENDS AND LOCAL EXPERIENCE
This study investigates the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the tourism sector within the broader framework of digital transformation, focusing on global trends and local experiences. AI technologies, including machine learning, big data analytics, and intelligent automation, are reshaping tourism by enhancing service quality, operational efficiency, and customer engagement. The research combines theoretical analysis with empirical observations to evaluate how AI contributes to the modernization of tourism systems. Special attention is given to the integration of global practices with local implementation, particularly in developing countries. The findings demonstrate that AI-driven digital transformation significantly improves competitiveness, sustainability, and innovation in tourism. The study highlights the importance of aligning global technological trends with local conditions to achieve effective outcomes
FORENSIC ASPECTS OF INTERROGATING CORRUPTION SUSPECTS MODERN TACTICS AND PROFILING
This study examines the forensic, psychological, and procedural aspects of interrogating individuals suspected of corruption-related crimes in Uzbekistan, drawing on modern investigative interviewing models and international best practices. The research aims to determine which interrogation tactics are legally acceptable, practically applicable, and effective in corruption investigations within the national context. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining comparative legal analysis with an empirical assessment conducted through a focus group of 15 experienced investigators
RULEMAKING THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: ONTOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE ESSENCE OF LAW
This article examines the fundamental transformations in the ontological essence of law resulting from the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the rulemaking process. It analyzes the dynamics of the transition from traditional, text-driven law rooted in human values to automated computational law. Using various methodological approaches, the study identifies the “semantic gap,” a phenomenon denoting the absence of moral purpose in AI-generated legal norms. Furthermore, drawing on empirical experience from the United States, China, and Latin American nations, the article substantiates the emerging crisis of authorship and democratic legitimacy in the legislative process. To overcome this ontological crisis, the author introduces a novel “Hybrid” model for modern legal norms. Ultimately, the research scientifically grounds the necessity of elevating the “Human-in-the-Loop” principle to the status of a constitutional and legal imperative. This is argued as essential to prevent the dissolution of law within algorithmic mechanisms and to safeguard against technocratic dictatorship.
"MAQASHID SYARIAH AS THE FOUNDATION FOR LEGAL DEVELOPMENT CONTEMPORARY ISLAM"
This research aims to analyze the role of Maqashid Syariah as a foundation in the development of contemporary Islamic law in the midst of increasingly complex social, economic, and technological changes. Modern reality shows that textual Islamic legal approaches are often not able to answer contemporary problems comprehensively, so a more contextual and benefitoriented approach is needed. This research uses a qualitative approach with a type of normative research (library research), through the study of the Qur'an, hadith, and relevant classical and contemporary literature. The results of the study show that Maqashid Syariah has a strategic role as an epistemological and methodological framework in the development of Islamic law. By focusing on the purpose of sharia, namely the protection of religion, soul, intellect, posterity, and property, this approach allows for more flexible, adaptive, and contextual legal formulations. In addition, Maqashid Syariah is also able to bridge the gap between normative texts and social realities, as well as provide a basis for a more substantive and benefitoriented reconstruction of Islamic law. This study concludes that Maqashid Syariah can be the main paradigm in the development of contemporary Islamic law, but its implementation requires a systematic methodological framework to avoid subjectivity. Thus, the integration between maqashid, ushul fiqh, and interdisciplinary approaches is key in answering the challenges of Islamic law in the modern era.
THE RECOGNITION OF GENDER APARTHEID AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY UNDER THE ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
This article examines in detail the history of such an international crime as apartheid, the emergence and problem of recognizing gender apartheid as a crime against humanity under Article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the impact of this discrimination on the lives of millions of women around the world, provides international instruments for regulating women's rights, as well as the arguments and opinions of experts in this field regarding the recognition of any kind of apartheid as an international crime.
“WHO OWNS DATA? A COMMERCIAL LAW VIEW ON THE NEW DIGITAL ECONOMY”
This article examines the pivotal question of data ownership within the context of the new digital economy from a commercial law perspective. It discusses the evolution of data as an asset and its treatment in legal frameworks, the complexity and ambiguity surrounding the concept of ownership versus control, and the impact of data commodification on private and public interests. Key issues addressed include contractual controls, the role of intellectual property laws, personal data regulation, the need for new legal constructs, and the cross-border challenges of data localization and transfer. By dissecting the blurred boundaries in both theory and practice and considering the global regulatory landscape, the article aims to clarify the current legal position, highlight unresolved problems, and propose pathways for more coherent legal approaches to data ownership in the rapidly changing digital marketplace
SOCIO-LEGAL CRITERIA FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS
This article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the various socio-legal criteria used to classify civil society institutions. The study explores the multi-dimensional nature of these institutions, categorizing them based on functional domains, legal status, social interests, and their relational dynamics with state authorities. By examining both formal and informal structures, the author highlights how these classifications contribute to a better understanding of the legal framework and the social significance of non-governmental organizations in modern legal systems. The systematic approach used in this research allows for a clearer identification of the role each institute plays in protecting public interests and maintaining social stability.
LEGISLATION AGAINST RADICALISM: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
This academic paper examines international legal frameworks designed to counter radicalism. The study analyzes experiences from the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. It evaluates both repressive and preventive approaches, including counter-terrorism financing laws, deradicalization programs, and online content regulation. A comparative assessment with Uzbekistan’s national strategy against extremism and terrorism provides grounded recommendations for improving domestic legislation. Special attention is given to balancing security imperatives with fundamental human rights
ISSUES OF JURISDICTION AND VENUE IN CIVIL INHERITANCE CASES AND THE PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING SUCH CASES FOR TRIAL
After our country gained independence, a number of laws were adopted to stabilize the economy and to regulate the economic and social spheres legally. Market relations developed in the economy of the republic, and as a result many foreign investors became interested in our country and have been carrying out entrepreneurial activity by making investments. In the future, this affects the way courts resolve issues of jurisdiction and venue in inheritance matters involving such elements of the estate as an investor’s share and commercial secrets.
WAYS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF USING FOREIGN CREDIT LINES THROUGH COMMERCIAL BANKS
This article analyzes the efficiency of foreign credit line utilization through commercial banks and explores the economic mechanisms for its improvement. The study examines the role of commercial banks as financial intermediaries in channeling external financial resources into key sectors of the economy. Particular attention is given to factors affecting efficiency, including credit portfolio quality, project selection, risk management, and monitoring systems. The research also evaluates the current practices of commercial banks in Uzbekistan and provides a comparative analysis based on international experience. The findings indicate that the effective use of foreign credit lines depends on strategic allocation, strong institutional capacity, and welldeveloped risk management frameworks. The article concludes with practical recommendations aimed at enhancing the efficiency of foreign credit utilization through commercial banks.
DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESS OF FINANCING INVESTMENT PROJECTS THROUGH BANK LOANS
This article examines the dynamic development of financing investment projects through commercial bank loans. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations of bank lending in investment activities, as well as the role of financial intermediation in economic growth. In addition, international experience in financing investment projects through bank credit is reviewed and compared. Based on the analysis, the sectoral distribution of bank credit investments in Uzbekistan is evaluated, highlighting the priority sectors such as industry, agriculture, construction, and services. The findings indicate that the expansion of bank lending contributes significantly to increasing investment activity, improving production capacity, and supporting economic growth. At the same time, factors such as interest rates, credit accessibility, and risk management play a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of investment financing. The study also identifies existing challenges, including high borrowing costs and strict lending requirements, which may limit investment potential. Finally, practical recommendations are proposed to improve the efficiency of financing mechanisms and enhance the role of commercial banks in supporting investment projects.
METHODS AND APPROACHES TO COMBATING ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC DRUGS IN CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES
This article examines drug addiction as a factor posing a serious threat to human development, social stability, and the national gene pool. The negative impact of narcotic substances on the human body - particularly on the brain, cardiovascular system, and mental health -is scientifically analyzed. Furthermore, the state policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in combating drug abuse and drug-related crime is reviewed, including the content of the national strategy for 2024-2028 and presidential decrees. Based on statistical data, the relevance and urgency of this issue are substantiated. In conclusion, the importance of youth education, the formation of spiritual immunity, and the responsibility of all segments of society are emphasized.
GUERRILLA ADVERTISING AND CUSTOMER PATRONAGE OF ONLINE MARKETING FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigated Guerrilla Advertising on Customer Patronage of online marketing firms in Rivers State, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine whether dimensions of guerrilla marketing significantly influence customer patronage. Brand pusher and Bait and Tease were adopted as dimensions of guerrilla advertising, while customer patronage was measured using repeat purchase and customer referrals. A survey design was utilized in the study and data were collected from customers of online marketing firms across the state. A total of 400 customers were sampled using a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics was used to analysis respondent demographic information while multiple-regression was used to determine the influence of guerrilla advertising dimensions on customer patronage outcomes. The adequacy and consistency of data utilized in the study were confirmed. Results revealed that both Brand pusher and Bait and Tease significantly and positively influence repeat purchase and customer referral. Although, brand pusher showed a slightly stronger effect on repeat purchase, while bait and tease had greater effect on referrals. These findings suggest that the use of visibility-driven and curiosity-driven components of guerrilla advertising strategy messages can enhance both transactional and advocacy behaviours among online customers. The study concludes that guerrilla advertising is an effective approach for improving customer engagement and market performance in the online marketing sector
EXPERIENCE OF ADVANCED COUNTRIES IN DEVELOPING THE INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS BASED ON STOCK MARKET MECHANISMS
This article explores the strategic importance of integrating stock market mechanisms into the investment activities of commercial banks, particularly within the context of Uzbekistan’s evolving financial landscape. As the banking sector undergoes a transition from traditional credit-oriented models to universal banking, leveraging capital market instruments becomes essential for financial stability and economic growth. The study conducts a comparative analysis of global banking models, specifically examining the “Anglosaxon” (US/UK) and “Continental” (Germany/Japan) models, to identify best practices in portfolio diversification and risk management. Statistical analysis reveals a significant gap between developed markets, where securities comprise approximately 25-32% of bank assets, and Uzbekistan, where this figure remains at a modest 6.5%. The findings suggest that the low involvement of national banks in the stock market limits their profitability and increases credit risk exposure. The article proposes a strategic roadmap for enhancing the investment role of banks, including the implementation of asset securitization, the development of investment banking units, and the integration of digital investment platforms. Ultimately, the study concludes that fostering a robust synergy between banks and the stock market is a key driver for achieving the objectives of the “Uzbekistan — 2030” strategy and ensuring long-term institutional resilience.
PRACTICE OF REGULATING THE CRYPTO-ASSET MARKET IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article analyses the role of blockchain technologies and crypto assets in enabling decentralized and transparent management of financial transactions. The results of the analysis show that investor financial safety and protection are ensured through licensing of crypto-assets, implementation of AML and KYC systems via virtual asset service providers (VASPs), as well as pilot testing of experimental projects using the “regulatory sandbox” mechanism. The article emphasises the importance of temporary tax benefits and preferential fiscal mechanisms in the field of crypto assets to stimulate innovative companies and shape the digital financial ecosystem.
THEORETICAL-CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO IMPROVING THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS’ ASSETS
This article discusses the theoretical and conceptual foundations of improving the efficiency of commercial banks' assets and ways to improve them. The study analyzes the economic content and interdependence of the main financial indicators used to assess the efficiency of bank assets - return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), share of non-performing loans (NPL) and loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR). Also, the inverse relationship between ROA and NPL and the scale effect between the volume of assets and profitability are scientifically substantiated. According to the results of the study, it was found that the efficiency of bank assets is directly dependent not only on the volume of assets, but also on their quality, risk level and management efficiency. Based on the analysis conducted in the article, theoretical and practical recommendations were developed to improve the activities of commercial banks
THE CONCEPT OF SURETYSHIP IN ISLAMIC LAW AND ITS TYPES
This article discusses the legal foundations of suretyship in Islamic law as a means of ensuring the performance of obligations in civil law. It examines the permissibility of suretyship, its conditions, the legal status of a legally responsible person, and the types of suretyship such as personal surety and financial surety, as well as their specific characteristics. The article also describes the forms in which suretyship is applied in modern banking
THE PLACE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE FIELD OF COMBATING ILLEGAL FOREIGN LABOR MIGRATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A COMPLEX SCIENTIFIC-ANALYTICAL
This scientific article analyzes the current state and prospects of international cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in combating illegal external labor migration and human trafficking. The study examines the geographical diversification of migration flows, particularly the shift from the Russian Federation to other destinations (Germany, South Korea), and its economic implications. It highlights the strategic partnership with Germany on migration and mobility , challenges within the EPS system with South Korea , and cooperation mechanisms with international organizations (IOM, UNODC). Special attention is paid to the efficiency of the rehabilitation system for victims of human trafficking and legislative reforms in this sphere.
Professor Kurbanaliyev Sardor Alidzhanovich
All the words used in artistic speech create imagery to one degree or another. Because any word expresses its own meaning in the text, and creates an image of an event. There are also special tools that create imagery in the language, which enhances artistic effectiveness based on the figurative expression of thought. One such tool is qualification. Characterization is a kind of trope, which is considered a visual device that provides artistic imagery. Quality is a universal tool. Therefore, this tool is used in all types of speech. It is a visual tool that performs the function of defining a feature of the phenomenon as a sign
SUSTAINABLE POLICY: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY INTO LEGISLATION
This article examines the theoretical and practical need to integrate environmental responsibility into public policy and the law-making system within the framework of sustainable development. The study focuses on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a preventive legal and policy instrument for forecasting the environmental consequences of draft laws, state programs, and strategic decisions before their adoption. Using comparative, systemic, and analytical methods, the article distinguishes SEA from environmental expertise and substantiates its importance as a strategic mechanism of environmental governance. The results show that SEA contributes to preventing ecological risks, improving policy quality, strengthening scientific justification in legislation, and aligning national lawmaking with sustainable development goals. The article also proposes institutional directions for Uzbekistan, including digital environmental governance, territorial differentiation of assessment, and proactive environmental filtering in industrial, energy, and infrastructure policy.
CULTURAL INSTITUTION IN UZBEKISTAN: THE HISTORY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A RECREATION PARK (CASE STUDY OF FERGANA REGION)
This article describes the history of the emergence, development, and contemporary significance of the recreational park in the city of Fergana, which is recognized as an important cultural site.