The World Bulletin of Social Sciences (WBSS) is a double-blind peer reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research, review articles, case studies, commentaries, short notes, technical notes, book reviews and reports. WBSS is passionate about serving as a forum of social scientists who seek to solve problems related to the contemporary society. ISSN (E): 2749-361X Journal Impact Factor: 10.265 SJIF 2026: 9.678 WBSS considers unpublished, original manuscripts in, but not limited to, the following fields: Political Science, Home Science, Business Administration, Anthropology, Sociology, Geography, Economics, History, Demography, Ethnography, Cultural Studies, Social Linguistics, Environmental Studies, etc.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF TAJIKISTAN
This article is dedicated to the acquisition of Tajikistan's Declaration of Independence. The article examines the unique and fateful events of sovereign Tajikistan, from its founding to the attainment of independence. This article examines the unique and fateful events of sovereign Tajikistan, from its founding to its independence. It examines the historic 16th Session of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan, held in November 1992 in Khujand, as well as the peace negotiations, which lasted nearly 40 months, experienced multiple crises, and often failed for various reasons.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurazoda Hairiniso Haidar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MODERN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS,TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE:INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES
This article analyzes modern technological advancements in the field of preventive medicine, specifically focusing on the role of artificial intelligence, genomics, and digital monitoring tools in the early detection of diseases. Based on the 4P medicine concept (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory), the experiences of countries such as the USA, Germany, and Japan are examined. Statistical analysis demonstrates that the application of innovative screening technologies significantly reduces the rate of chronic disease complications and premature mortality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kabulzhan Karimovich Sharipov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GENRE FEATURES OF ALPYSBAY SULTANOV'S WORK "SLANDER"
This article explores the genre features, artistic, and documentarybiographical specificities of Alpysbay Sultanov's historical film novel "Slander". The work reveals how the life path, arduous struggles, and historical truth of the statesman Allayar Dosnazarov – who fought to restore the statehood of the Karakalpak people - are reflected through cinematic expressive means.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSING AND CORRECTING ERRORS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAINING IN IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF FIRE TRAINING
This article examines the role of psychological and physiological preparedness in improving the effectiveness of firearms training for military personnel. It analyzes the causes of errors occurring during shooting practice and proposes a methodology for identifying, evaluating, and correcting them based on an integrated approach. The study demonstrates that combining psychological training, physiological monitoring, and objective error analysis contributes to higher shooting accuracy, better stress resistance, and improved combat readiness. The proposed methodology can be applied in military educational institutions and combat training systems to enhance the quality and effectiveness of firearms training.
RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM: ESSENCE, SIMILARITIES, AND DIFFERENCES
Radicalism and extremism are among the most frequently invoked yet least precisely defined concepts in contemporary political discourse, where they are routinely treated as synonyms. This conceptual conflation has significant analytical, legal, and policy consequences, particularly for programmes of countering violent extremism and de-radicalisation. This article undertakes a conceptual and comparative analysis of the two notions, clarifying their essence and systematically examining their similarities and differences. Drawing on terminology and extremism research, political philosophy, and the sociology of social movements, the study employs conceptual analysis, etymological and historical reconstruction, and comparative method. It argues that radicalism and extremism, though overlapping and often empirically entangled, are analytically distinct: radicalism denotes a root-and-branch opposition to the prevailing order that is historically tied to the Enlightenment and may be emancipatory, egalitarian, and compatible with democracy, whereas extremism denotes an anti-pluralist, anti-constitutional disposition organised around the conviction that an in-group’s survival requires hostile action against an out-group. The two are best understood as related but separable points on a spectrum, with radicalism situated at the edge of the democratic order and extremism beyond it. Conflating them risks both misdirecting prevention and delegitimising legitimate dissent.
THE FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY AND THE CONCEPTUAL FEATURES OF SUFI EPISTEMOLOGY
The problem of knowledge has long been considered one of the central issues in philosophy. Ancient Greek philosophy Islamic thought and modern European philosophy have all attempted to explain the essence sources and possibilities
PILGRIMAGE AND TRADITIONAL TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The articles
SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FORMING CREATIVE COMPETENCE IN ROBOTICS AMONG SCHOOL STUDENTS
This paper presents a scientific and theoretical analysis of the formation of creative competence in robotics among primary school students of general secondary education. Educational robotics is described not only as a means of teaching coding or mechanical concepts but also as a comprehensive educational tool that develops students’ deep understanding of technology. The article also analyzes ideas related to the design, creation, management, and modernization of high-tech and robotic devices. In addition, the study describes the collaborative learning environment and factors that increase sources of knowledge in the educational process.
CROSS-DISCOURSE REALIZATION OF SPEECH ACTS AND COMMUNICATIVE ERRORS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Speech acts constitute one of the most significant areas of pragmatic research, as they reveal how language functions not only as a medium of conveying information but also as a means of performing actions. In communication, speakers do not simply produce grammatically correct sentences; rather, they apologize, request, promise, refuse, thank, criticize, advise, and persuade through language. The present article examines the realization of speech acts across various discourse types, namely everyday discourse, academic discourse, institutional discourse, and media discourse, and analyzes communicative errors that arise from the misinterpretation or misuse of speech acts in intercultural communication. The study is grounded in classical speech act theory developed by J. L. Austin and John Searle, as well as subsequent pragmatic approaches to politeness, indirectness, and intercultural pragmatics. Through comparative examples from English and Uzbek, the paper demonstrates that speech acts are highly context-dependent and culturally conditioned. Communicative failures often occur when speakers transfer pragmatic norms from their native language into a foreign communicative environment without considering discourse conventions or sociocultural expectations.
MAIN WAYS OF FORMING A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
One of the main global trends in the development of higher education is the commercialization of higher education institutions, which requires the formation of a new management paradigm based on corporatization. The article substantiates the thesis that the introduction of corporate governance standards into the activities of universities creates the necessary conditions for increasing competitiveness by ensuring the formation of appropriate intellectual capital, commercialization of new knowledge and scientific developments. The article shows the advantages and disadvantages of corporate management of higher education institutions.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING INDIVIDUAL CYBERSECURITY CULTURE BASED ON FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
The rapid digitalization of modern society has significantly increased the importance of cybersecurity at both institutional and individual levels. While technological solutions continue to evolve, human behavior remains one of the most critical factors affecting cybersecurity resilience. This article examines opportunities for developing individual cybersecurity culture based on international experience. The study analyzes conceptual approaches to cybersecurity culture, evaluates successful practices implemented in various countries, and identifies mechanisms that contribute to responsible digital behavior. Particular attention is devoted to digital literacy, cyber ethics, awareness programs, educational initiatives, and public-private cooperation as key factors influencing cybersecurity culture development. Through comparative analysis of international experiences, the article proposes strategies that can strengthen cybersecurity awareness and resilience among individuals in the context of growing digital threats. The findings indicate that cybersecurity culture should be viewed as a multidimensional social phenomenon encompassing knowledge, values, attitudes, and behavioral competencies necessary for secure participation in digital environments.
THE ROLE OF FAMILY AND THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN SHAPING CYBERSECURITY CULTURE AMONG YOUTH
The rapid expansion of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed contemporary social life, creating new opportunities for communication, education, and economic development. Simultaneously, the increasing integration of digital technologies into everyday activities has generated new cybersecurity risks, particularly for young people who constitute one of the most active groups in cyberspace. This article examines the role of family and the educational system in shaping cybersecurity culture among youth. The study analyzes the socio-philosophical foundations of cybersecurity culture, explores the influence of family socialization and educational institutions on digital behavior, and evaluates the effectiveness of educational strategies aimed at developing cybersecurity awareness. The findings indicate that cybersecurity culture is not merely a technical competency but a multidimensional social phenomenon encompassing values, responsibility, ethical behavior, and digital citizenship. The article concludes that effective cybersecurity culture formation requires coordinated cooperation between families, educational institutions, and broader social structures
SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL AND AXIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF DRUG ADDICTION
The phenomenon of drug addiction represents one of the most complex social problems of contemporary civilization. It affects not only individual health and behavior but also social stability, cultural values, and the moral foundations of society. This article examines drug addiction from sociophilosophical and axiological perspectives, focusing on its social determinants, value-related dimensions, and implications for human existence. The study explores the transformation of value systems under conditions of globalization, social alienation, and cultural uncertainty, identifying drug addiction as both a social and existential phenomenon. Through sociophilosophical analysis and comparative examination of theoretical approaches, the article reveals the relationship between value crises, identity fragmentation, and addictive behavior. The findings suggest that effective prevention and rehabilitation strategies require not only medical interventions but also the restoration of moral, cultural, and social values that contribute to human flourishing.
CONSEQUENCES AND UNRELIABILITY IN HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS
This article examines the textual discrepancies, omissions, and translational divergences found within the modern Uzbek, Russian, and English translations of the "Avesta", with a specific focus on the Videvdat section. Through a comparative analysis of James Darmesteter’s English translation, Asqar Mahkam’s Uzbek translation, and the Russian edition by E.V. Rtveladze et al., the study explores how variations in translating religious hierarchies (such as the typography of priests and the role of the Zaotar) and socio-economic elements (such as the classification and symbolic purity of dogs) can lead to unreliable historical conclusions. The findings emphasize the critical need for meticulous philological analysis when utilizing translated ancient sources for historical reconstruction.
TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER NURSING EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTHCARE DIGITALIZATION AND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES
This paper analyzes changes in the system of higher nursing education driven by the development of digital technologies in healthcare. It demonstrates that the updating of clinical practice requires a revision of educational approaches, including a transition to a competency-based model and the integration of digital tools into the learning process. Based on an analysis of scientific literature, the main limitations of personnel training were identified, including an insufficient level of digital and managerial readiness, as well as the mismatch between educational programs and modern practice requirements. Special attention is paid to the conditions in Uzbekistan, where the modernization of education must account for the national characteristics of the healthcare system. The authors substantiate directions for improving nursing training aimed at increasing the quality of education and ensuring its alignment with the digital environment of professional activity.
THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY AND BINARY OPPOSITION IN UZBEK HYDRONYMY: A STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
This paper explores the structural and semantic mechanics of spatial relativity and binary opposition in the Uzbek hydronymic system. In toponymy, the necessity for precise geographical orientation frequently results in the comparative naming of adjacent water bodies. Utilizing a structural-semantic methodology, this study investigates how the “principle of relativity” generates binary semantic oppositions (e.g., large/small, fresh/salty) within Uzbek water names. Furthermore, the research identifies the linguistic phenomenon of toponymic ellipsis, where in generic identifiers are historically dropped for phonetic and communicative economy. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the cognitive and structural patterns governing antonymic paired hydronyms in agglutinative languages
ECOLOGICAL THINKING AS A KEY DRIVER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
This article examines current issues in ecology and environmental protection. It analyzes the impact of human activity on nature, global environmental problems, and the role of each person in addressing them. It also discusses small but effective steps that can be taken in everyday life to create a more environmentally friendly planet. The article substantiates the need to foster environmental awareness, rational use of natural resources, and preserve a healthy environment for future generations.
THE POETIC FUNCTION OF PARALLELISMS IN KARAKALPAK, UZBEK, AND KAZAKH HAWJAR SONGS
The article analyzes the traditional song performed during the bridegiving ceremony. The poetic function of parallelisms, one of the artistic devices in the lyrics of songs performed under the terms «hawjar» among the Karakalpaks, «yor-yor» among the Uzbeks, and «jar-jar» among the Kazakhs, is studied comparatively. The lyrical heroine's inner feelings about her life and future destiny, expressed through the girl's words, are illustrated through comparisons and contrasting descriptions. In this case, it is scientifically substantiated that the feeling of anxiety and anxiety in the girl's inner psychological state is reflected in the methods of psychological and thematic parallelism with a natural detail of life.
KARAKALPAK FOLKLORIST QOBIL MAQSETOV'S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE
The article discusses the scientific legacy of Professor Qobil Maqsetov, a scholar who contributed to the development of Karakalpak literary studies and folklore studies. A scientific analysis will be conducted on Q. Maqsetov's work on recording folklore materials from the people, from bards and storytellers, organizing them, editing and publishing them, and researching the collected materials from a scientific and theoretical perspective. It is noted that the scientist wrote more than 300 scientific works, of which more than 140 were published in various collections and journals, and more than ten major monographs were published. In the article, the scholar's research is studied in four areas, and the theoretical and practical significance of each work is evaluated.
METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING AS A KEY MECHANISM OF ONCOGENESIS: FROM THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS TO AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF CANCER
Cancer has traditionally been viewed as a genetic disease caused by the sequential accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. However, the literature increasingly shows a significant paradigm shift: oncogenesis is now understood as a complex, multilevel process in which metabolic and epigenetic disturbances may play a role that is at least as important as, and potentially more primary than, genetic alterations. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of modern views on the biochemical mechanisms of carcinogenesis. It examines the limitations of the classical mutation theory, discusses metabolic reprogramming in detail, including the Warburg effect and its modern interpretation, and considers the roles of reactive oxygen species, oncometabolites, environmental factors such as heavy metals, and the clinical prospects of targeted therapy. Special attention is given to the critical relationship among the genome, epigenome, and metabolome, the disruption of which underlies malignant transformation.
PEDAGOGICAL METHODS – THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF TEACHING BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF ABU ALI IBN SINO
This article describes the use of the teachings and ideas created by the thinker Abu Ali ibn Sino in biology lessons and the clarification and analysis of the pedagogical environment, educational tools, the introduction of effective mechanisms and the improvement of teaching methods. The analysis of research on the assimilation of the teachings of Abu Ali ibn Sino in the content of biology textbooks of general secondary schools and its results are noted. Also, the problems related to the methodology of teaching subjects and the results of research conducted by a number of scientists on this problem, their content and essence are highlighted.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFLEXIVITY IN STUDENTS AND THE ESSENCE OF PERSONAL FACTORS
This article examines theoretical perspectives on the development of reflexivity and the impact of personal factors among undergraduates enrolled in English Language programs. Drawing on a comprehensive synthesis of scholarly perspectives, the study establishes the contributions of various scholars to establish a basis for the research. Through the lens of reflexivity, the study explores how participants perceive their own educational activities and the resulting outcomes of their self-evaluation. Furthermore, the article provides a detailed analysis of reflexivity levels, encompassing critical thinking, self-appraisal (including constructive dissatisfaction), and the drive for continuous inquiry, alongside key professional and personality traits.
MOOD AND MODALITY: THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODAL UNITS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article examines the relationship between mood and modality in linguistics, focusing on how modal meanings are expressed in English and Uzbek. Building on the distinction between mood as a grammatical category and modality as a semantic category, the study draws on the works of Huddleston and Pullum, Bally, Krasnova, Ahmanova, and Uzbek scholars. It classifies modal units into four semantic groups – certainty and affirmation, probability and supposition, emotional-evaluative modality, and logical sequence – and provides parallel examples from both languages. The article also analyzes three key dimensions of modality: the speaker’s attitude toward factuality, the modality of necessity and possibility, and the subjectiveobjective nature of modal meaning. The findings contribute to a better understanding of modal categories across typologically distinct languages.
HYPERKALEMIA: AN INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND PERSONALIZED APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT
This paper presents an original analysis of potassium homeostasis disorders, systematized from the perspective of dominant pathophysiological mechanisms. Based on the study of 47 sources, including data from large registries, randomized clinical trials, and meta-analyses for the period 2015– 2026, the identification of five main variants of hyperkalemia is substantiated: hypoaldosteronic, redistributive, obstructive-tubular, drug-induced, and artifactual. It is shown that the choice of therapeutic strategy should be determined not so much by the absolute potassium level as by the mechanism of its elevation. Particular attention is paid to the comparative characteristics of traditional and innovative approaches to correction, including an analysis of the effectiveness of zirconium cyclosilicate and patiromer in the context of their physiological action. An original algorithm for differentiated patient management is proposed, taking into account both clinical and laboratory data and potential genetic determinants of potassium metabolism.
A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IDEA OF THE “JAPANISE MODEL” IN MUSTAFA KAMIL’S “THE RISING SUN”
This article analyzes the socio-philosophical work of the Egyptian enlightener Mustafa Kamil, "Ash-shamsu mashriqat" (The Rising Sun). In addition, the idea of the "Japanese model" as a model for the peoples of the East is revealed in its essence.
Abdufattayeva Shahrizoda Shuhratbek kizi
EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE AND STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF PUNCTUATION IN LITERARY TEXTS
This article examines the emotional-expressive and stylistic functions of punctuation in literary texts. It argues that punctuation operates not merely as a syntactic device but as a multifunctional semiotic resource that contributes to the construction of meaning, the representation of the author’s aesthetic intention, and the shaping of reader response. Drawing on stylistic, pragmatic, and discourse-analytic approaches, the study explores how punctuation marks convey emotional states, create rhythmic and intonational patterns, and generate dramatic effects. The findings demonstrate that punctuation plays a crucial role in the formation of authorial style and in enhancing the expressive potential of literary discourse
ANALYSIS OF IDEOLOGICAL THREATS TO SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of ideological threats to societal security in the context of globalization. On the basis of the Copenhagen School’s societal security theory, the conceptual boundaries of ideological threats are defined and their multidimensional typology is proposed. The influence of globalization on the trajectory of these threats is examined through the works of Z. Bauman, U. Beck and O. Roy. Religiousextremist, political-radical, ethno-separatist and pseudo-spiritual types of threats are analyzed separately. New data are presented on the transformation of ideological threats in the digital space – algorithmic amplification, transnational radical networks, artificial intelligence. The comprehensive response system of the Republic of Uzbekistan is evaluated, and recommendations for its improvement are provided.
DIGITAL PEDAGOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
This paper explores digital pedagogy, the role of e-learning technologies and Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) in contemporary higher education. It examines how Learning Management Systems, video-conferencing platforms, and AI-supported tools have reshaped teaching practices and improved student-centered learning experiences. The study outlines the conceptual foundations of digital pedagogy, emphasizing learner autonomy, active engagement, flexibility, personalization, and the development of digital literacy. Particular attention is given to the pedagogical potential of VLEs as integrated ecosystems that support collaboration, assessment, and feedback beyond the physical classroom. At the same time, the paper highlights critical challenges related to the digital divide, student engagement, academic integrity, data privacy, and educators’ digital competence. The analysis demonstrates that technology alone does not guarantee effective learning outcomes; instead, meaningful educational impact depends on theoryinformed curriculum design and purposeful instructional strategies. The paper concludes that when thoughtfully implemented, digital pedagogy can contribute to more equitable, effective, and human-centered learning experiences.
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL ENVIRONMENT AT THE GHAZNAVID COURT AND THE SCHOLARLY ROOTS OF COMPARATIVE RELIGIOUS STUDIES
This study examines the scientific and intellectual environment of the Ghaznavid court and its role in the formation of early comparative religious studies within the medieval Islamic world
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ABBREVIATIONS IN GEOGRAPHICAL TERMINOLOGY
The essential reason for using abbreviations in geography is efficiency. On a physical map, there isnt enough space to write Mountain Range or Administrative District next to every name. Furthermore in the age of Digital Mapping and GIS abbreviations help in data processing and standardization. Instead of writing Mountain Hissar cartographers prefer to write Mt. Hissar