The World Economics & Finance Bulletin (WEFB) is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal dedicated to promoting scholarly exchange among lecturers, professors, researchers and students in the field of Economics and Finance. WBEF welcomes unpublished, original and full-length research articles, case studies and commentaries on all aspects of Economics and Finance. ISSN (E): 2749-3628 Journal Impact Factor: 10.665 SJIF 2026: 9.95 WEFB considers unpublished, original manuscripts in, but not limited to, the following fields: Microeconomics, Managerial Economics, Computational Economics, International Economics, Neuroeconomics, Health Economics, Business Economics, Development Economics, Finance, Investment Analysis, Accounting.
IMPROVING APPROACHES TO STRENGTHENING THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF ENTERPRISES
Financial stability is one of the fundamental conditions for the sustainable operation, competitiveness, and long-term development of enterprises. In an environment characterized by inflationary pressures, volatile financial markets, increasing borrowing costs, supply-chain disruptions, and uncertainty in demand, enterprises need to improve not only their profitability but also their liquidity, solvency, capital structure, and risk-management systems. This article examines the main approaches to improving enterprise financial stability and develops practical recommendations for their enhancement. The study applies a systematic literature review, comparative analysis, financial-ratio approach, and synthesis of theoretical and empirical findings from international research and institutional reports. The results indicate that financial stability should be managed as an integrated system rather than through isolated improvement of individual financial indicators. Particular importance should be given to optimizing working capital, maintaining adequate liquidity reserves, diversifying financing sources, controlling financial leverage, improving profitability, introducing early-warning systems, and strengthening financial planning. The study also argues that digital financial management and scenario-based planning can significantly improve enterprises' ability to anticipate financial risks. The proposed approach can be applied by enterprises of different sizes and sectors, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises that face greater constraints in accessing external finance.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DEVELOPING ENTERPRISES THROUGH FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The development of enterprises depends significantly on their ability to obtain and effectively use financial resources. In a competitive and rapidly changing economic environment, enterprises require diversified financial instruments to support investment, innovation, working capital, technological modernization, and market expansion. Traditional bank lending remains an important source of external financing; however, enterprises increasingly need alternative instruments such as leasing, factoring, trade credit, equity financing, corporate bonds, venture capital, and digital financial services. This article examines the role of financial instruments in enterprise development and identifies ways to improve their application in corporate financial management. The study uses a systematic review of academic literature, comparative analysis, theoretical synthesis, and an assessment of contemporary approaches to enterprise financing. The results demonstrate that the effective combination of different financial instruments can reduce financing risks, improve liquidity, increase investment opportunities, and support sustainable enterprise growth. The study also finds that financial instrument selection should depend on the size of the enterprise, its financial condition, investment objectives, risk profile, and development stage. Particular attention is given to small and medium-sized enterprises because they frequently face greater financial constraints than large corporations. The article proposes an integrated approach to financial instrument management based on diversification, cost optimization, risk assessment, financial planning, and digitalization
THE IMPACT OF THE SHIFT TOWARD SMART DATATECHNOLOGIES IN RISK MANAGEMENT ON THE QUALITY OFINTERNAL AUDIT ACTIVITIES
The research aims to examine the impact of the shift toward smart data technologies in risk management on the quality of internal audit activities through an applied study at the Sunni Endowment Diwan. The research is based on the problem that traditional methods of data and risk management are no longer sufficient to keep pace with the requirements of the modern digital environment. This requires the use of smart data technologies to support control activities and improve the quality of internal auditing. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and a questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting data from a sample of employees at the Sunni Endowment Diwan whose work is related to administrative, financial, control, audit, and information technology activities. The research addressed three main dimensions: the shift toward smart data technologies, risk management based on smart data, and the quality of internal audit activities. The research found that the use of smart data technologies contributes to improving the quality of data available to management and enhances the ability to identify, analyze, and monitor risks more accurately and effectively. The results also showed that risk management based on smart data has a positive impact on the quality of internal audit activities by improving the accuracy of audit procedures, accelerating the detection of deviations, enhancing the objectivity of results, and improving the quality of audit reports. The research concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the Sunni Endowment Diwan’s orientation toward adopting smart data technologies, developing technological infrastructure and databases, and training employees to use data analysis tools. It also emphasized the importance of enhancing integration among internal audit, risk management, and information technology departments in a way that contributes to improving the efficiency of control activities and the quality of internal audit activities
Assistant Professor Dr. Osama Zaid Mohammed Manukh
Copyright (c) 2026 Assistant Professor Dr. Osama Zaid Mohammed Manukh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE ROLE OF OIL IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL RELATIONS
This research focuses on the vital significance of oil in influencing international political relations, starting from the fact that the oil has long ceased being an economic good to turn into a geopolitical asset and the primary means of exerting geopolitical pressure. This research will show how the oil redefines the alliances among states, providing producers with ample leverage and requiring consumers to make their foreign policy and national security dependent on the availability of oil. Besides, this paper will study the connection between oil and international disputes and wars – either by directly causing such events or by funding and financing them, as well as through imposing and enacting sanctions. The sensitivity of markets to geopolitics in the regions of production and transport is one of the issues under consideration here. Political importance of OPEC and oil cartels and their impact on controlling production and handling crises will be discussed. Finally, the research will try to predict the role of oil in the future amid the rise of renewable energy sources worldwide
THE ROLE OF JOINT AUDITING IN ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF EXTERNAL AUDITING-A FIELD STUDY IN IRAQI AUDITING FIRMS AND COMPANIES
The study aimed to determine the role of joint auditing in enhancing the efficiency of the audit process, by stating the role of joint auditing in (enhancing professional competence, enhancing adherence to ethical conduct rules, and planning the audit process). The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, with application to audit offices and companies subject to the supervision of the Iraqi Securities Commission. A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (70) auditors from licensed audit companies and offices in Iraq, and (62) questionnaires were returned that were valid for statistical analysis. The SPSS statistical program was used to analyze the questionnaire , present descriptive statistics for the study variables based on arithmetic means and standard deviations, and test hypotheses using simple linear regression. The study found a statistically significant positive relationship between joint auditing and enhancing the quality of the audit process, through a statistically significant positive relationship between (joint auditing in enhancing professional competence, enhancing adherence to ethical conduct rules, and audit process planning) in Iraqi auditing firms and offices
THE IMPACT OF SMART DATA ON SUPPORTING STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT: A FIELD STUDY IN A SAMPLE OF IRAQI INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES
The research aims to examine the impact of smart data on supporting strategic cost management in economic units, through a field study conducted on a sample of Iraqi industrial companies, namely Baghdad Soft Drinks Company, Al-Mansour Pharmaceutical Industries Company, and the Iraqi Company for Meat and Field Crops Production and Marketing. The research adopted the field analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection from a purposive sample of (50) respondents working in accounting, cost accounting, internal auditing, financial management, information systems, planning, and production departments. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), through arithmetic means, standard deviations, relative importance, correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the level of smart data utilization in the sampled companies was relatively high, as the overall arithmetic mean for the smart data dimension reached (3.94), with a relative importance of (78.72%). The results also indicated that the level of strategic cost management application reached an arithmetic mean of (3.97), with a relative importance of (79.36%). Furthermore, the hypothesis testing results proved the existence of a statistically significant correlation and impact relationship between smart data and strategic cost management. The correlation coefficient reached (0.823), while the coefficient of determination (R²) reached (0.677), indicating that smart data explains (67.7%) of the changes in strategic cost management. The research concluded that smart data represents a modern approach that contributes to improving the quality of cost information, analyzing cost drivers, identifying areas of waste, and supporting decisions related to efficiency and competitive advantage. The research recommended the need to develop accounting and cost information systems, enhance employees’ skills in data analysis, and expand the use of strategic cost management tools in industrial companies
THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITT IN DETECTING CASES OF FRAUDAND FRAUD AND ITS IMPACT ON ACCOUNTABILITY
The study aims to check and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the means of financial and accounting control followed by the economic unit, and to ensure the availability of sufficient protection for the assets of the economic unit against theft, embezzlement and extravagance, and to verify the possibility of relying on the accounting and statistical data fixed in the books and records of the economic unit and to evaluate performance at the level of responsibility centers. The search is based on the temporal limits of the duration of data collection related to the scientific aspect of the study in a group of governmental economic units surveyed during the year 2020. The directors of departments and divisions were distributed in the surveyed governmental units, and a sample was selected from the governmental units present in Iraq - Muthanna Governorate / Financial Supervision Bureau and the Integrity Commission As for the study population and its sample, the governmental economic units located in Iraq - Al-Muthanna Governorate were chosen as a study society, and the Financial Supervision Bureau and the Integrity Commission were chosen as a random sample representing that society. The beneficiaries of the study are audittors in the field of accounts, especially external audittors, owners of economic units, owners and shareholders, in addition to senior management. The study relies on the use of the analytical descriptive approach because it is one of the most used approaches in the studies of social phenomena, with the aim of reaching logical results that support the hypotheses contained in the study. The study uses secondary sources and primary sources in the study. (Master, Ph.D.) With regard to primary sources, the researcher prepares and designs a questionnaire for the purpose of the study, processing and analyzing it through the Spss program, statistical analysis, and conducting appropriate and necessary statistical tests for the subject of the research. And cases of fraud, fraud and accountability. The study reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the strengthening of internal governance in the economic unit by clearly defining the terms of reference of internal auditt and defining responsibilities related to internal auditt, and developing the internal audit.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raad Hadi Shayeb Al Oweid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATEFLUCTUATIONS AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTINVESTMENT: A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF SOUTH KOREA
This study investigates the effects of exchange rate fluctuations, research and development (R&D) expenditure, and industrial output on South Korea's industrial competitiveness over the period 1997–2024. Particular emphasis is placed on examining the asymmetric responses of industrial competitiveness to positive and negative shocks using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. Annual data were obtained from the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). The empirical analysis employed unit root tests, the Bounds Test for cointegration, as well as diagnostic and causality tests to ensure the robustness of the estimated model. The findings reveal the existence of a stable long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Industrial output exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on industrial competitiveness, while positive exchange rate shocks also have a significant positive impact. In contrast, negative exchange rate shocks do not exhibit a statistically significant effect. Furthermore, increases in R&D expenditure are found to have a significant negative long-run effect, whereas decreases in R&D expenditure are statistically insignificant, indicating the presence of asymmetric responses of industrial competitiveness to economic shocks. These findings provide valuable empirical evidence for the formulation of industrial policies aimed at strengthening the competitiveness of technology-driven and export-oriented economies
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghada Abdulmasih Hanna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
IMPROVING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH THEENHANCEMENT OF INCENTIVE MECHANISMS IN THEREMUNERATION SYSTEM
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of improving labor productivity through the enhancement of incentive mechanisms within the remuneration system. It analyzes modern approaches to both financial and non-financial employee incentives, performance evaluation criteria, and the advantages of KPI- and competency-based compensation systems. Furthermore, the study develops scientifically grounded recommendations aimed at increasing labor productivity, strengthening employee motivation, and improving the economic efficiency of remuneration systems in enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdukhakimov Muzaffar Shakhobiddinovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EVOLUTION OF ICT AT THE LEVEL OF BRICS ECONOMY
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of Information and communication technology (ICT) on the BRICS economies from 2000 to 2022. It employs quantitative data analysis by gathering secondary data from official sources to explore trade dynamics, high technology exports, and global challenges within the bloc. The research reveals that China's economic development has significantly impacted ASEAN economies, both in terms of trade volume and structural economic changes. Key findings include that ICT and high –technology exports play major roles in economic growth providing further evidence that technology intensive goods and services are critical in the new economy. On the other hand, the relationship between trade and GDP was less strong and in some cases negative which implies that for these countries technologies could offer more value than traditional trade or export traditional products. However, there are several limitations encountered when conducting the analysis including missing data in ICT goods export and high technology exports, not considering other variables which may affect the dependent variable. It is recommended that BRICS countries invest more on technology transfer and on exportation of ICT and high-tech goods since they experience a positive impact on the economic growth rates. Further study therefore needs to incorporate more comprehensive databases and consider other characteristics like education, infrastructure or institutional quality, which might help to better explain the factors behind GDP growth in these economies.
IMPROVING TAX ADMINISTRATION IN THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ENVIRONMENT
This article examines the improvement of tax administration in the entrepreneurial environment from theoretical, institutional, and practical perspectives.
DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT OF THE MOVEMENT OF GOODS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE REGIME OF PROCESSING IN THE CUSTOMS TERRITORY ON THE BASIS OF ECONOMETRIC AND SCENARIO ANALYSIS
This article examines the directions for improving the goods movement management system under the customs processing regime based on econometric and scenario analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lutpullayev Shukrullo Kudratullayevich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
STRATEGIC APPROACHES TO ENHANCING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF GOODS FLOW MANAGEMENT IN THE INWARD PROCESSING CUSTOMS REGIME
This article examines strategic approaches to improving the organizational and economic effectiveness of goods flow management within the inward processing customs regime
METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF AN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
This study evaluates the economic efficiency of the industrial sector using data spanning 2010–2024. While industrial volume has substantially grown, aggregate indicators often mask underlying resource misallocations. By constructing a geometric evaluation index (GEI) based on normalized subindices of investment efficiency, fixed asset turnover, and labor productivity, this paper uncovers structural imbalances. The empirical findings reveal that despite a surging volume in labor productivity driven by automation, investment efficiency remains critically low (IE = 0.17). The overall geometric index for 2024 stands at 0.438, indicating moderate efficiency that necessitates urgent structural reforms. A comprehensive policy matrix is proposed to transition the sector into a high-efficiency framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rakhimova M. M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN DIVIDEND POLICY: CONTEMPORARY TRENDS AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES
This study investigates the contemporary trends and structural transformations in dividend policy in the context of artificial intelligence (AI), the digital economy, and global economic transformation. The research evaluates recent developments in the global dividend market, the growing importance of share repurchase programs, the role of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, and the impact of AI-related investments on corporate capital allocation decisions. The findings reveal that dividend policy has evolved beyond its traditional role as a profit distribution mechanism into a comprehensive strategic instrument for shareholder value creation and corporate financial management. Furthermore, the study develops practical recommendations aimed at improving dividend policy, enhancing the efficiency of capital allocation, and safeguarding shareholders' interests within joint-stock companies.
WAYS TO ASSESS THE FINANCIAL STABILITY AND EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF STATE ENTERPRISES IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the issues of assessing the financial stability and effective management of state enterprises in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study analyzes the financial condition of state-owned enterprises, their liquidity, profitability, and financial independence indicators. Additionally, the experience of foreign countries—the USA, Germany, Japan, and South Korea—has been studied, and scientific and practical recommendations have been developed for implementing this experience into the practice of Uzbekistan
REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OPERATING UNDER PUBLICPRIVATE PARTNERSHIP ARRANGEMENTS: AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH BASED ON THE CASE OF NAMANGAN REGION
This article examines the regional socio-economic conditions of preschool education institutions operating under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements in the Namangan region of Uzbekistan. The study analyzes PPP projects implemented in the preschool education sector during 2019–2024, focusing on investment volumes, government support measures, incentive mechanisms, and changes in preschool enrollment rates. Furthermore, the role of PPP mechanisms in improving educational service quality, developing educational infrastructure, and meeting the growing demand for preschool education is evaluated. Based on the findings, several scientific and practical recommendations are proposed to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of PPP initiatives in the preschool education sector.
THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION, ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING AND ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY
Leadership is an important factor affecting organizational innovation. Many studies show that transformational leadership has a positive and significant influence on organizational performance. Based on a literature review and previous work, this study aims to investigate the influences of transformational leadership on organizational performance through the dynamic capabilities of organizational learning and innovation, the influence of transformational leadership on organizational innovation, and to examine whether organizational learning is a moderator between transformational leadership and organizational performance, and includes the mediating role of absorptive capacity. [1.] Today’s information and knowledge society requires new leaders who can confront a reality based on knowledge and foster innovation to achieve improvements in organizational performance. Our study seeks to fill this research gap by analyzing theoretically and empirically how the leader’s perceptions of different intermediate strategic variables related to organizational performance, organizational innovation, absorptive capacity, and organizational learning) and innovation influence the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance. This study is significant in providing experience and developing more knowledge to identify the strengths and weaknesses of public hospitals. [2.] Public hospitals can get some benefits to improve their performance level through innovation and learning for the future. In addition, it can help the organization ensure employee motivation and a friendly policy to increase performance
THE ROLE OF IMPLEMENTING ESG PRINCIPLES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES IN ENSURING SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
This article comprehensively examines the importance and role of implementing ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) principles in the activities of industrial enterprises for ensuring sustainable economic growth. The study employs a range of research methods aimed at revealing the multidimensional impact of ESG principles on enterprise performance and national economic development. In addition, scientific and practical recommendations have been developed to enhance the effective implementation of ESG principles within enterprises and to strengthen their contribution to sustainable economic growth.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF A BEHAVIORAL AUDIT SYSTEM IN CORPORATE MANAGEMENT
This paper examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of the behavioral audit concept within the corporate management system and explores conceptual approaches to its integration into corporate governance practices. The study reveals the significance of evaluating behavioral aspects of managerial decision-making, corporate culture, ethical standards, stakeholder relations, and human factors in enhancing corporate management effectiveness. The interrelationship between behavioral audit and major theoretical perspectives, including Agency Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Institutional Theory, Behavioral Economics, and Stewardship Theory, is scientifically substantiated. Furthermore, a conceptual model consisting of six interrelated components is proposed: Strategic Management, Risk Management, Internal Control, Corporate Culture, ESG Governance, and Investor Relations. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of a behavioral audit system serves as an effective mechanism for reducing corporate risks, enhancing transparency, preventing conflicts of interest, and improving overall corporate management effectiveness. The study contributes to the development of a new institutional and behavioral paradigm in corporate management and provides a practical framework for sustainable corporate governance.
PHASED ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTING AGILE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This scientific article analyzes the phased organizational mechanisms for implementing Agile management methodology in the public administration system from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The relevance of the research is explained by the acceleration of digitalization processes in public administration bodies, as well as the necessity to improve service quality and management efficiency. The article examines the main principles of Agile management — flexibility, rapid decision-making, iterative planning, teamwork, and user-oriented management approaches — from the perspective of their integration into the public sector. Furthermore, the study develops a sequence of stages for implementing Agile methodology in the public administration system, including preparation, diagnostics, pilot projects, institutional integration, and monitoring. During the research, international experiences, including the electronic government and adaptive management systems of developed countries, were analyzed and their effective aspects were generalized. The article substantiates the importance of the Agile governance model in reducing bureaucratic barriers within state institutions, ensuring efficient use of resources, improving the quality of public services, and developing open communication with citizens. The research findings possess scientific and practical significance for the formation of innovative management systems and the improvement of strategic development mechanisms in public administration bodies.
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES IN EXPORT PROMOTION: LESSONS FOR EMERGING ECONOMIES
Export promotion has emerged as a cornerstone of development strategy across both advanced and emerging economies. This article examines the institutional frameworks, policy instruments, and outcomes of export promotion programs in South Korea, Singapore, Germany, and Brazil, drawing on comparative case analysis and secondary data. The study applies an analytical framework grounded in New Trade Theory and institutional economics to assess how government-backed trade facilitation bodies translate policy mandates into measurable export growth. Findings indicate that successful programs combine dedicated export promotion organizations, diversified financial instruments, robust information services, and well-targeted market development support. The research identifies five critical success factors and discusses their applicability for transition economies such as Uzbekistan, which is currently reforming its export support architecture. The article concludes with practical policy recommendations aligned with the IMRAD structure to guide evidence-based decision-making.
ENHANCING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
The development of industrial enterprises is fundamentally shaped by how effectively an organization coordinates its resources, including capital, labor, technology, and processes, to drive growth and productivity. This paper explores the organizational and economic mechanisms of industrial enterprises, focusing on production functions that relate inputs to output and are central to understanding firm-level efficiency. By analyzing the role of capital and labor in production, this research highlights the importance of optimizing the balance between these inputs, especially in the context of technological advancements such as automation and digitization. The study uses the Cobb–Douglas production function to assess the elasticities of capital and labor, revealing a primary reliance on labor in the production process. Further, it discusses the utility of extended models like the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) and translog production functions, which allow for greater flexibility in capturing the dynamic relationship between inputs. The results emphasize the need for enterprises to improve resource utilization and focus on efficiency-enhancing strategies rather than solely expanding capital.
DIGITALIZATION OF THE REAL ESTATE VALUATION SYSTEM: IMPORTANCE, CHALLENGES, AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed various sectors of the global economy, including the real estate market. Real estate valuation, which serves as a fundamental component of property transactions, mortgage lending, taxation, investment decisions, and urban planning, has increasingly adopted digital tools and data-driven methodologies. Digitalization has enhanced the efficiency, transparency, accuracy, and accessibility of valuation processes while reducing operational costs and human errors. Nevertheless, the transition from traditional valuation methods to digital valuation systems presents numerous challenges, including data quality issues, cybersecurity risks, regulatory inconsistencies, and technological limitations. This article examines the importance of digitalization in the real estate valuation system, analyzes the major challenges associated with its implementation, and explores future development prospects.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENSURING FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE LOCAL BUDGET
The main role in ensuring the financial security of the local budget is played by the nominal values and financing of social programs. Financial stability is one of the important factors ensuring the strength and efficiency of local budgets. This article comprehensively analyzes the ways to ensure the financial security of local budgets and puts forward scientific and practical proposals for their strengthening. The main directions of the study are the expansion of the revenue base of local budgets, effective management of expenditures and increasing financial independence. Methods such as increasing tax revenues, diversifying local revenue sources, developing publicprivate partnerships and attracting investments are evaluated as effective tools for ensuring financial stability. The article also pays special attention to the issues of rational use of local budget funds, introducing an electronic budget system and strengthening state financial control. The need to reduce the dependence of local authorities on the central budget and expand the possibilities of financing infrastructure and social projects from their own funds is based on.
FEATURES OF TAX INCENTIVES PROVIDED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESSES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Small business development is one of the most important areas for solving economic and social problems, since small businesses contribute significantly to employment and the formation of a competitive environment, quickly adapt to external conditions and have the ability to quickly respond to market needs, resume production and change the final product based on demand for it. Today, small businesses serve not only as an important element of the structural transformation of the economy, taking into account the development characteristics of the regions, but also as a source of increasing revenues to local budgets.
IMPROVEMENT OF ACCOUNTING IN CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON THE BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
The article examines the issues of improving accounting in construction organizations based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the context of global sustainable development and the transition to a "green economy". Taking into account the specific characteristics of the construction industry, in particular, the long-term nature of projects and high capital intensity, the mechanisms for applying IFRS 15 ("Revenue from Contracts with Customers") and IFRS 16 ("Rents") are analyzed. Also, practical proposals and recommendations are developed for accounting for environmental costs and obligations and digitization of construction processes in the context of sustainable development.
THE PROCEDURE FOR ORGANIZING INTANGIBLE ASSET ACCOUNTING IN JOINT VENTURES BASED ON INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
This article focuses on the definition of intangible assets, their initial recognition and measurement, subsequent measurement, the application of amortization methods, derecognition, the reflection of intangible asset accounting in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, and disclosure in the relevant line items of the financial statements.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING TAX INCENTIVES IN STIMULATING TAXPAYERS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current mechanisms for stimulating business entities and enterprises operating in Surkhandarya region through taxation. The study evaluates the impact of tax incentives and preferences on the effective use of the region’s specific economic potential, natural-climatic conditions, and demographic resources. During the research, the dynamics of tax revenues and enterprise activity in the region were thoroughly examined, and scientific-practical proposals and recommendations were developed to further improve the tax mechanism while taking regional characteristics into account.
WAYS TO INCREASE THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF OUR YOUTH IN MANAGING POPULATION EMPLOYMENT
This article analyzes ways to increase the socio-economic activity of youth in the system of managing population employment. Youth activity is interpreted not only as participation in the labor market, but also as the ability of young people to acquire relevant skills, enter productive employment, develop entrepreneurial initiative, adapt to technological change and participate in local economic development. The article argues that youth employment policy should combine education, vocational training, digital skills, entrepreneurship support, labor market information, public-private partnership and targeted social protection. Special attention is paid to the transition from passive employment assistance to active labor market measures that increase young people’s competitiveness, motivation and economic independence.