COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CADIDA ALBICANS IN IRAQ
Keywords:
Cadida, Albicans, Comparative StudyAbstract
Candida species are the most common opportunistic pathogens in debilitated or immunocompromised hosts and cause systemic candidiasis, which has high rates of morbidity and mortality. The study aims to compare the incidence of Candidiasis among the cities of Iraq and its prevalence and the most affected cities, as well as the comparison of the results of the injury with the neighboring countries and the rates of injury
References
Ahmad, S., Khan, Z., Asadzadeh, M., Theyyathel, A., & Chandy, R. (2012). Performance comparison of phenotypic and molecular methods for detection and differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 230.
Angiolella, L., Stringaro, A.R., Bernardis, F.D., Posteraro, B., Bonito, M., Toccacieli, L., … & Palamara, A.T. (2008). Increase of virulence and its phenotypic traits in drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52(3), 927-936.
Arendrup, M.C., Perlin, D.S., Jensen, R.H., Howard, S.J., Goodwin, J., & Hope, W. (2012). Differential in vivo activities of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against Candida glabrata isolates with and without FKS resistance mutations. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(5), 2435-2442.
Barada,B., Basma, R., & Khalaf, R.A. (2008). Microsatellite DNA identification and genotyping of Candida albicans from Lebanese clinical isolates. Mycopathologia, 165(3), 115-125.
Barry, A., & Brown, S. (1996). Fluconazole disk diffusion procedure for determining susceptibility of Candida species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34(9), 2154-2157.
Bartelli, T.B., Ferreira, R.C., Colombo, A.L., & Briones, M.R.S. (2013). Intraspecific comparative genomics of Candida albicans mitochondria reveals non-coding regions under neutral evolution. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 14, 302-312.
Basma, R., Barada, G., Ojaimi, N., & Khalaf, R.A. (2008). Susceptibility of Candida albicans to common and novel antifungal drugs, and relationship between the mating type locus and resistance, in Lebanese hospital isolates. Mycoses, 52(2), 141-148.
Baumgartner, C., Freydiere, A.M., & Gille, Y. (1996). Direct identification and recognition of yeast species from clinical material by using albicans ID and CHROMagar Candida plates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34(2), 454-456.
Bernal, S., Mazuelos, E.M., Chavez, M., Coronilla, J., & Valverde, A. (1998). Evaluation of the new API Candida system for identification of the most clinically important yeast species. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 32(3), 217-221.
Biswas,S.K., & Chaffin, W.L. (2005). Anaerobic growth of Candida albicans does not support biofilm formation under conditions used for aerobic biofilm. Current Microbiology, 51(2), 100-104.
Brajtburg,J.,Powderly, W.G.,Kobayashi,G.S.,&Medoff,G.(1990).
Amphotericin B: Current understanding of mechanisms of action.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 34(2), 183-188.
Campbell, C.K., Davey, K.G., Holmes, A.D., Szekely, A., & Warnock, D.W. (1999). Comparison of the API Candida System with the AUXACOLOR system for identification of common yeast pathogens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(3), 821-823.
Chen, K.W., Lo, H.J., Lin, Y.H., & Li, S.Y. (2005). Comparison of four molecular typing methods to assess genetic relatedness of Candida albicans clinical isolates in Taiwan. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 54(3), 249-258.
Chen, K.W., Chen, Y.C., Lo, H.J., Odds, F.C., Wang, T.H., Lin, C.Y., … Li, S.Y. (2006). Multilocus sequence typing for analysis of clonality of Candida albicans strains in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(6), 2172-2178.
Cliff, P.R., Sandoe, J.A.T., Heritage, J., & Barton, R.C. (2008). Use of multilocus sequence typing fpr the investigation of colonization by Candida albicans in intensive care unit patients. Journal of Hospital Infection, 69, 24-32.
Eraso, E., Moragues, M., Villar-Vidal, M., Sahand, I.H., Gonzalez-Gomez, N., Ponton, J., … Quindos, G. (2006). Evaluation of the new chromogenic medium Candida ID 2 for isolation and identification of Candida albicans and other medically important Candida species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(9), 3340-3345.
Francois, I., Cammue, B., Borgers, M., Ausma, J., Dispersyn, G.D., & Thevissen, K. (2006). Azoles: Mode of antifungal action and resistance development. Effect of miconazole on edndogenous reactive oxygen species production in Candida albicans. Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 5, 3-13.
Garcia-Hermoso, D., MacCallum, D., Lott, T.J., Sampaio, P., Serna, M.J., Grenouillet, F., ... & Bretagne, S. (2010). Multicenter collaborative study for standardization of Candida albicans genotyping using a polymorphic microsatellite marker. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48(7), 2578-2581.
Garner, C.D., Starr, J.K., McDonough, P.L., & Altier, C. (2010). Molecular identification of veterinary yeast isolates by use of sequence-based analysis of the D1/D2 region of the large ribosomal subunit. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48(6), 2140-2146.
Gow, N.A., van de Veerdonk, F.L., Brown, A.J., & Netea, M.G. (2011). Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defense: Discriminating invasion from colonization. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 10, 112-122.
Heo, S.M., Sung, R.S., Scannapieco, F.A., & Haase, E.M. (2011). Genetic relationships between Candida albicans strains isolated from dental plaque, trachea, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Journal of Oral Microbiology,
Isibor, J.J., Eghubare, A.E., & Omoregie, R. (2005). Germ tube formation in Candida albicans: Evaluation of human and animal sera and incubation atmosphere. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 6, 1-2.
Leaw, S.N., Chang, H.C., Sun, H.F., Barton, R., Bouchara, J.P., & Chang, T.C. (2006). Identification of medically important yeast species by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(3), 693-699.
Liguori, G., Di Onofrio, V., Galle, F., Lucariello, A., Albano, L., Catania, M.R.,
Guida, M. (2010). Candida albicans identification: Comparison among nine phenotypic systems and a multiplex PCR. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 51(3), 121-124.
Lin, C.Y., Chen, Y.C., Lo, H.J., Chen, K.W., & Li, S.Y. (2007). Assessment of Candida glabrata strain relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus tequence typing. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 2452-2459.
Lin, C.Y., Chen, Y.C., Lo, H.J., Chen, K.W., & Li, S.Y. (2007). Assessment of Candida glabrata strain relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus tequence typing. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 2452-2459.
L’Ollivier, C., Labruere, C., Jebrane, A., Bougnoux, M.E., d’Enfert, C., Bonnin, A., … Dalle, F. (2012). Using a multi-locus microsatellite typing method improved phylogenetic distribution of Candida albicans isolates but failed to demonstrate association of some genotype with the commensal or clinical origin of the isolates. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 12(8), 1949–1957.
G.M., Karatela, S., Sunay, S., & Adiri, Y. (2010). Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates from Candida surveillance study. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48, 1270-1275.
Mayer, F.L., Wilson, D., & Hube, B. (2013). Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence, 4(2), 1-10.
McCullough, M.J., Ross, B.C., & Reade, P.C. (1996). Candida albicans: A review of its history, taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence attributes, and methods of strain differentiation. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 25(2), 136-144
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
