SOURCES OF INCOME DIVERSIFY IN RENTIERAL COUNTRIES: TAX INCOME AS A MODEL IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD 2004-2021, REALITY AND AMBITION
Keywords:
Income diversify, rentieral countries, tax, ambitionAbstract
Sources of income diversify and increasing the state public revenues is one of the most important challenges facing the rentieral economies that depend on the export of raw materials such as oil. The returns are exposed to fluctuations and fluctuations in global markets. The emphasis on sources of income must include all available and possible sources, especially taxes and their revenues, including direct and indirect taxes. The most important characteristic of rentieral countries is the absence of transparency and accountability and the absence of tax returns. Also, these countries will be more vulnerable to economic risks, especially oil, due to price fluctuations, which will lead to structural imbalances and turmoil in conditions externally and internally and the emergence of economic and financial crises. It is a result of their dependence on a single source of income. Therefore, this is reflected on the state's macroeconomic indicators in the event of a decline in prices
References
Gibran Saud Al-Raed, a modern linguistic dictionary, second edition, Al-Ilm for Millions, Egypt, 1995.
Giacomo Luciani, Countries for Monitoring Allocations versus Production Countries - A Theoretical Framework, Nation, State and Integration in the Arab World, Part One (Beirut, Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1989).
Hazem Al-Bilawi, the Rentieral State in the Arab World, the Arab Future, Issue 103, Tenth Year (Beirut, Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1987).
Ziad Al-Hafiz, “The Conditions of the Oil and Non-Oil Countries,” Social Welfare Symposium, Alexandria, Center for Arab Unity Studies, 2005.
Wassan Hadi Finjan, “The Location of the Agricultural Sector in the Economic Diversification Policies of the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council for the period 1980-2001, Master’s thesis, University of Basra, unpublished, 2006.
Mohammed Al-Mutimi, “The Future of Development and Democracy in the Arab World,” Al-Wassit Journal, No. 110, 2006.6.
The Arab Monetary Fund, National Accounts in the Arab Countries for the Years (1994-2004), No. 25, Abu Dhabi, 2005.
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asian States, Economic Diversification in Oil Producing Countries, United Nations, New York, 2001.
Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, "National Development Strategy 2005-2007", Baghdad, 2006.
Nawzad Abdul Rahman Al-Hiti, “Manufacturing industries are still a non-moving force,” available on the information network at the website: http://www.alyaum.com/article/1106261
Acemoglu,daron and zilibotti,’’ Information accumulation in development ’’, journal of economic growth,springer,4(1), 1999.
H.Mahdavy Patterns and Problems of Economic Development Inrentier States :The Case of Iran . in M.A.Cook ,Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East ,London ,oxford u.p 1970.
MARTIN HVIDT, Economic Diversification in GCC Countries: Past Record and Future trends , Research Paper, Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalization in the Gulf States ,2013 .
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
