NEUROINFLAMMATION AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES:THEIR ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS AND CONTEMPORARYPERSPECTIVES

Abstract

This article analyzes the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and reviews contemporary scientific perspectives on the subject. Neuroinflammation is a complex immune-inflammatory process that occurs within the central nervous system and develops through the involvement of microglial cells, astrocytes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Neurodegenerative diseases are currently among the most pressing challenges facing global healthcare systems. As the world's population continues to age, the prevalence of these disorders is increasing each year. At present, more than 55 million people worldwide are living with dementia, with approximately 10 million new cases diagnosed annually. In most of these disorders, neuroinflammation represents one of the principal pathogenic mechanisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal degeneration in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. This article highlights the significance of microglial activation, oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier, and genetic factors in the development of these conditions. In addition, it provides an overview of contemporary therapeutic approaches, including anti-inflammatory therapy, immunotherapy, antioxidant agents, and gene therapy. A deeper understanding of neuroinflammation may enhance opportunities for the early diagnosis and effective treatment of neurodegenerative diseases