PERIODONTAL DISEASES

Abstract

Periodontal diseases represent one of the most common groups of oral diseases and remain an important public health problem because of their high prevalence, chronic course, and potential impact on both oral and general health. These disorders affect the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The development and progression of periodontal disease are associated with a complex interaction between microbial dental biofilm and the host immune-inflammatory response. Local factors such as inadequate oral hygiene, dental calculus, malocclusion, smoking, and poorly fitting dental restorations may contribute to disease progression, while systemic conditions, genetic susceptibility, hormonal changes, stress, and metabolic disorders can modify the severity of periodontal inflammation